Cloning, For the Good :: essays research papers

Many arguments have been brought forth against cloning. Some have put forth valid arguments stating the immorality of cloning. Others just get bad vibes when it comes to the idea of cloning humans. Still others use the religion argument saying it goes against God's intention. These arguments are well founded but are just people's opinions and/or beliefs which don't account for everyone's. My personal belief is that cloning is good for everyone. I m not saying everyone should clone themselves what I am trying to say is that cloning will greatly benefit humanity. Medical advances and a deeper understanding of ourselves would come with cloning if it were legalized. That would mean cloning will have a positive effect on the society as opposed to the negatives voiced by so many. I'll hope to convince you that human cloning is a good thing which we shouldn't waste time in beginning to develop the technology. The point of many cloning critics is that cloning humans is against the will of Providence. However, it is mentioned in the Bible that man was created in the likeness of God (Bible, 1). In order to be more like God, which is his will, we can duplicate what he created. God will not be displeased, but pleased with this major accomplishment. Cloning of humans is widely considered to be immoral and unethical. Many countries and legislatures have banned cloning based on the issue of morality. Allowing a barren couple to have children or to allow a couple who lost a child to have that same child again is not immoral at all. Couples can bring back, so to speak, a child who died in a car accident or a barren couple can bear children by cloning themselves if they desired. Society's morale would be unchanged since human cloning doesn't break any moral standards when closely examined. Cloning will never reach the proportions envisioned by many critics of a country that is overrun by clones. If clones were legalized many people will still not use the technology because of their positions on the subject. Raising a mindless super race or super army is not realistic seeing that a cloned human is the same as any other human. They can think and act on their own just like everybody else. Humanity will not crumble but would be closer together than ever after human cloning makes everyone examine what it means to be human.

An Economic Approach To Surfing :: essays research papers fc

An Economic Approach to Surfing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following represents a specified depiction of a typical day of surfing for me, in a manner described using economic terminology. Although there are many definitions of surfing these days, including surfing the internet, surfing departments stores, magazine surfing, etc., we will focus on the meaning of surfing as it was originally intended, defined as â€Å"The water sport of riding the surf into shore† (Webster’s New World Dictionary, p.739) Using this, I will recount a surf trip a friend and I made to the beach a few years ago, beginning and ending at my home in Valley Center California. The Events I experienced will be depicted using primarily economic concepts. What would seem like ordinary events will be portrayed using an economic microscope of interpretation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is five A.M. on a scorching Saturday morning in the summer of 1998, and I am awakened by the unpleasant sound of my alarm clock. Now you may be wondering why I am crazy enough to wake up this early on a Saturday, but for the dedicated surfer it is a necessity that one must take in order to maximize utility. Utility is defined as â€Å"A measure of the satisfaction, happiness, or benefit that results from the consumption of a good† (Arnold, p. 849). The good in this case being surfing, and in order for me to be fully satisfied, receive happiness, and benefit optimally from this good, I must awake early. By awaking at five A.M., I can prepare for surfing without other members of my family inhibiting me because they will all be asleep. Everything is quiet and peaceful, and this factor alone allows me to start my day in a sort of positive and spiritual mode.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The roads at this time in the morning are virtually empty, which enable me to arrive at the beach in approximately 20 minutes as opposed to 35 minutes during regular hours. The main concept explaining this circumstance has to do with supply and demand. At five A.M. the amount of traffic in relation to spaces available on streets and freeways is relatively small. At eight A.M. however, the amount of traffic in relation to spaces available on streets and freeways is relatively large, often causing extremely congested circumstances. Granted, my surf trip is on a Saturday, and most people have the weekend off from work, but the same economic concept applies on the weekend as it does during the week, but not as drastically.

Living in an Apartment or Living in a House Essay

Throughout life I have stayed in many different places. Moving from the Philippines, Georgia, and then Texas has given me the opportunity to live in a wide variety of residences. My family and I have experienced residing in both apartments and houses. We have observed many differences in the two choices of homes and have become very knowledgeable of life in both dwellings. Living in an apartment or living in a house? When you are trying to save money and only have so much to spend each month, a lot of people would choose to rent an apartment. When renting an apartment, you choose to live in a smaller space and agree to all of the terms and conditions of a lease. Following these lease agreements may sometimes involve paying an additional amount to house a pet or to park in a specific spot. Renters must abide by all rules enforced by the apartment complex. Living in an apartment is not just following rules and paying rent, it can also provide many great things. Many people that are renting apartments are unable to afford essential appliances such as a washer and dryer or oven. Usually an apartment can either provide you with these necessary appliances or they will give you the option to rent them. With these issues taken care of, all you have to worry about is paying the rent, electricity, and the food you are eating. Apartments are ideal for an individual who is in need of a place to stay temporarily. While living in an apartment home, you will have to deal with the noises being made by your neighbors who live next-door as you are trying to sleep. Little annoyances like this may be a huge inconvenience to you if you have work the next day or need to study for a test in the morning. Some people crave an environment with more privacy or a bigger yard for their pets or children to run around in. When I was living in an apartment with my family, the apartment was too crowded for such a big family like mine. My parents could only bear to stay in the apartment for a short amount of time as we eagerly waited for our new house to get built. After six long months, we were more than ready to finally leave that tiny apartment behind. We left learning that something so small was not for our large family of seven. Once we settled into our house we absolutely loved it! The open space was more than enough for all of us. Living in a house is a great idea for people who have or plan on having a really big family. While living in a house you can have your own driveway, you have a lot of room to move around, and you don’t have to worry too much about a place to park. In a house, you don’t have to worry about the neighbors upstairs or next door making obnoxious noises and you aren’t walking on eggshells trying to abide by as many rules as an apartment complex. You don’t have to carry your trash down from second or third floor because you have your own trashcan in front of your house! A house can cost a little more money but I would consider it as an investment in a property. Unlike an apartment, your payment every month will benefit you in the long run. In an apartment, there are many rules when it comes to altering it. In a house you can do whatever you please. For example, you can change the color in the kids’ rooms, your kitchen, and the bathrooms. If you want, you are even allowed to alter the color of your carpet and all of the doors in the house! For some people, having a large kitchen where you can cook and a full-sized living room where all their friends and family can watch the game may be more appealing than a compact apartment space. Having a house is ideal if you need more space. For those of us who only need a room to stay in, I would advise them to rent an apartment. A house is good for a big family and people who want their privacy. In an apartment, you don’t have to worry about keeping up with all the appliances and have to cut the grass every two week in the summer. But either or they have their good and bad it is just really up to you to decide which whatever you prefer is good for you or and your family.

Locating the company Essay

Mary Anne used to work in the public library but has resigned four years ago. Currently she writes articles on Wicca and witchcraft for an online website under an assumed name for privacy. She claimed that her ancestors were into the practice long before they came to the US to migrate. According to her, the practice was never foreign to her having grown with a doting father who was a physician studying herbology along with his siblings. Animatedly she began to talk about her funny experiences as a child and showed me her private carpeted room which I was not allowed to step inside. Standing in the halls, I was shown a set of altar tools used in rituals which includes a broom or a besom, a cauldron, the goblet, a hardbound Book of Shadows, a boline or a knife for cutting things and many more. The room was well-lighted with several lamps that looked like candles, and there were several unlighted candles of white, black and gold colors. I was then told that the tools are just plain tools that have no actual powers of their own. According to Mary Anne, the â€Å"tools† are used for a particular purpose and while they may seem unimportant, it is considered rude to touch them without permission. A pentagram was framed at the corner of the room with 3D effects. Altogether, the Wiccan room she showed me was a stark contrast from the rest of the house. We went back to her sitting room and started talking about the popular Wiccan groups in her community. For her, there was no difficulty in locating the company of others but her path is unique and so are the paths of her family members before her. According to her, the Divine is everywhere present in every being. She respects other members and practitioners but prefer to practice alone to maintain focus. Although she attends meetings from time to time, these are often associated with certain religious ceremonies. Knowing that I was quite interested in the craft, she started preaching on the value of ethics and the threefold law that what you do to others comes back to you threefold times. Respect for others and their liberty is critical in the wiccan culture and religion that allows us to be freed from our own selfish ambitions according to Rountree (2002). For Anne, the air, water, and the earth are essential for life such that she is a vegetarian unable to hurt and kill animals even for food. Fire according to her is in her heart as her zest for life is written down for others to read and aid in the wiccan practice and religion. For her, the principles of Alexandrian Wicca or the Gardnarian wicca is important but does not have to be the ultimate guiding force into the practice if the religion allows freedom and liberty as its cardinal rule. Her parting joke to me was, â€Å"do not be afraid, the true wiccans are not into evil practice† made me see that a true religion does not impart teachings of subjugation and control to its members.

Compare and contrast life Essay

Belmont is totally different to Venice in some respects and ways, yet startlingly similar in others. Life in Belmont is at a slower, more relaxed pace than with life in Venice, where it is all hustle and bustle with the merchants. Belmont is also set back in the hills and countryside, which makes it a much more peaceful place to live simply because there is no noise from the markets and the Rialto in Venice. Venice is where all the merchants do their trading and selling, and Belmont is for the better off people, the aristocrats and the like, who prefer a more tranquil outlook on life, rather than rushing around with all the others. It is very fitting that Portia lives in Belmont, rather than Venice, because she seems to be the type who would prefer the quietness of the countryside, this also reflects her mind also, the calm collected way she acts, compared with the hot – headedness of some of Venice`s merchants. The similarities between Belmont and Venice are quite startling in some instances, because people have differring views on the word beautiful – for example in a modern world, big business people find large cities beautiful, and walkers in the countryside find that beautiful – it depends on the angle you look at it. Venice is a beautiful city in modern sense, so it must have been awesome in its heyday, back in Shakespeares time. Belmont is a different style of beautiful, peaceful, serene, idyllic, like a warm summers day it is like a small piece of heaven on earth. In Venice however, you get the racial demoralisation of the Jews and the feeling that they are second – class citizens, in Belmont however, there is no demoralisation of the jews, which proves that the two places are a world apart yet so close together. The main characters in each of these places helps us to understand the settings more easily. Antonio in Venice likes to be in all the hustle and bustle of things, right in the centre of everything, making the most of his wealth and his trading expertise to further his business, and to help his friends. Portia in Belmont on the other hand, seems happier keeping out of the hustle and bustle of Venice, keeping to the quietness of her house and the grounds surrounding it. I think this is better suited to her persona. Underlying each of the settings however, there is a sense of wearyness. When Portia says to Nerissa â€Å"By my troth, Nerissa, my little body is aweary of this great world † she seems to be longing for a change to her usual life. She may be hinting that she wants to leave Belmont and go to Venice for a while, just to change the monotony of her life, welcoming suitors to her home, then despatching them at almost the same instant. This is almost the same as Antonio`s opening speech † In sooth, I know not why I am so sad : It wearies me; you say it wearies you; â€Å"

General Manager Person Specification Commerce Essay

My professional aim to be achieved in the following 2 old ages is to go General Manager of Grantfen Fire Security Ltd. As this function does non presently exist within the company I have researched the function of a General Manager.1.1 – General Manager Person SpecificationA General Manager has to be an enthusiastic leader with a demonstrative personality, behavior and credibleness to put, keep and transcend consistent high quality criterions commensurate with organizational outlooks. They need to hold sound analytical and computing machine accomplishments with an ability to pass on at all degrees. This individual would besides necessitate to be aim goaded – with the ability to work to, and set, timely public presentation goals/targets and clear aims with a motivational and supportive direction manner. All in all would necessitate to be a strong individualist and determination shaper with high finding to win.1.2 – General Manager Job DescriptionThe function of a General Manager would include but non be limited to the undermentioned duties Planing Administration Supplying leading Reporting on long / short term programs Research / analyse proposals for long / short term programs HR Management Recruitment Development / Training Employee Relationss Performance Management Undertaking Management Operating WIP Reports Oversee Management of Individual Projects Budget Planning Management of Sub-Contractors Application of Specifications and Standards Selling and PR Manage Ad Opportunities Oversee Content, Publication and Distribution of all Marketing and Publicity Manage Press Development Fiscal Management Provide Recommendations sing Investment / Cash Schemes Oversee Preparation of Annual Budgets. Provide Vision and Advise sing Overall Financial Health and Long Range Fiscal Planning Administrative Management Ensure Accurate Quality Control through ISO9001 Procedures / SSAIB / BAFE Oversee High Standards of Health and Safety Aid in Development of Quality Processes and Procedures to Guarantee Continuing Efficiency1.3 – Ideal General Manager CompetenciesThe function of General Manager takes duty for all countries of a concern including the gross and cost elements of the concern. I believe to be able to transport out this function efficaciously I will necessitate to posses the undermentioned accomplishments and competences. Leadership Skills – To be able to steer the company towards a united end and supply our clients with a quality service. Organizational Commitment – To be 100 % committed to the company and its ends in order to actuate the company and supply leading. Conceptual Thinking – To happen new and advanced ways to develop the concern and supply new services and experiences to clients Self Control – To help in determination devising and executive maps Developing Others – To guarantee that the company succeeds in all enterprises and strains loyal and determined staff. Energy and Passion – To drive a squad and actuate them to transport out responsibilities to the best of their ability.1.4 – Ideal General Manager CompetenciesThe makings required for the function of General Manager would be as below, this is non an thorough list but I believe that these makings and experiences are critical to transport out this function successfully. Preferably a grade in Business Management or tantamount degree of experience. A lower limit of 5 old ages concern experience. Demonstrable record of success at a senior degree within a general direction function in a comparable administration, sooner including the direction of preservation and proficient staff. Wide commercial experience, including finance, concern direction, human resources and IT. Prove IT competency in fiscal bundles i.e. Sage Strong interpersonal accomplishments, with the ability to pull off and develop staff making good squad work. Ability to develop, implement, manage and proctor effectual concern and fiscal systems and processs Experience and apprehension of human resource patterns, policies and processs Previous experience of Health and Safety policies, processs and patterns2 – Professional Competencies DevelopmentI have provided below a competences matrix that identifies countries in which I have proved I meet the needed competences for the General Manager Role. I have besides identified spreads that will necessitate attending and action before2.1 – Competence MatrixCompetenceSituation / Action / OutcomeFurther Actions RequiredLeadership Skills I have over 200 security and fire systems that require care and reactive plants. A portion of my occupation is to supervise the planning of these plants and do hourly determinations on which calls are reacted to first due to urgency. We late had a state of affairs where a edifice had been struck by lightning and this had efficaciously blown up the fire dismay system. As the edifice was a wellness Centre with 24/7 occupants this proved a wellness and safety exigency as without an operating fire system the edifice would hold to be evacuated. Checking which staff were on displacement I re-routed applied scientists over to site, this had to be completed in relay due to the length of clip it took to repair to guarantee that applied scientists did non compromise their ain wellness and safety. Completing plants like this encourages my staff to work efficaciously as a squad go forthing the site with every bit much information as possible for the following applied scientist to take over. Whil st finishing these exigency works we besides have to cover any other calls that arise throughout the twenty-four hours, so on this juncture I made the determination to use impermanent sub-contract labor to transport out plants to guarantee continuance of service. The wellness Centre fire dismay system was fixed within 24 hours with occupants of the site non being cognizant that there was of all time such an issue and other clients were dealt with expeditiously with the production of sub-contract labor. Whilst being an effectual leader I find I am still sometimes intimidated when confrontation arises with technology staff. I have put this bullying down to a limited proficient cognition and this should be improved. Organizational Committedness I late changed the manner our service section runs. We used to run applied scientists within nucleus concern hours 08:30 – 17:00, with an exigency service to cover outside these times. It became evident to me that due to the nature of the concerns we operate within that our nucleus hours needed to alter to accommodate, with applied scientists start and finish times being staggered. I spoke to my technology and office staff as this would non merely consequence the applied scientists we would besides hold to alter our office hours ( including mine ) . After explicating to everyone the nature of the sites we looked after and the operational troubles they incur I was pleased to observe that everyone was really willing to come in into treatments sing a alteration in working hours. These alterations have had positive and negative effects on the lives of my staff but I was pleased and proud to observe that they were all willing to co-operate and move in a new way with the company. Th is resulted in the company being able to accommodate to new concern and supply an drawn-out service where required. I find that there are no spreads within my organizational committedness. When employed by a company I am highly loyal and set all attempt and energy into doing the company a success. Conceptual Thinking As the companies ISO9001 internal hearer it is within my function to finish a full set of process and procedure audits every 12 months. There have been a batch of alterations within the company over the last 12 months and this has led to the re-evaluation of our company procedures. I believe that procedures and processs are implemented to help a concern in running with professionalism and quality, non a hinderance. I try to instil in the sections that I audit that these processs are non set in rock and if they do n't work for the company so we should happen something that does. With this in head I started the audit process for this twelvemonth, we looked at the current procedures and processs within the section and I sat down with the Undertaking Managers that have to work to the processs and asked them how they felt the processs aided or hindered them. They mentioned that the processs within their section worked good but the quality of information they received through from the gros s revenues section hindered them in finishing their occupation. I asked them what farther information could be provided to relieve this and we came up with a list of extra information. In this instance the best option was non to alter the processs for the installing section but to alter the processs for the gross revenues section. I created and implemented a checklist of information that the gross revenues section must finish before a occupation can be passed for contract reappraisal. In this state of affairs I understood the job the installing section had by placing forms or connexions, and addressed the cardinal implicit in issue. Conceptual thought includes the integrating of issues and factors into a conceptual model utilizing inductive logical thinking that lead to solutions or feasible options that may non be evidently related or easy identified. I feel I am comfy with this portion of my function and plume myself on seeing declarations through conceptual thought. The weakness I have at this point would be that I am rather protective of the quality system as I built and monitor it. Therefore any unfavorable judgment of the system I take personally and drop everything to measure whether the unfavorable judgment is validated or non. The quality system has been in topographic point for 5 old ages and is audited and reviewed for its effectivity every twelvemonth. Self Control The concern I work within is mostly client service based and whilst my frontline staff will cover with issues that arise ab initio if clients or applied scientists are non happy with a state of affairs so the issue gets passed to me. I was walking through the office when I heard one of the client service misss covering with a ailment. I heard the gentleman on the phone shouting down the line at the miss who was going rather upset. The miss told the client that she would set him through to her director and put the call on clasp. She informed me that the client had his system installed over 6 old ages ago and had a mistake with it. The miss told the client that she could organize an applied scientist and there would be a cost as the system was no longer under guarantee. Once the client realised that he had to pay for an applied scientist he started shouting at the miss stating her that he should n't hold to pay anything and we should repair the mistake for free. I picked up the line to the client and asked how I could assist, he informed me of the same information my staff had and told me I should repair his job for free. I brought up his inside informations from the database and saw the age of the installing and that there was no care contract in topographic point. We offer a 12 or 18 month guarantee period with any installing we provide so this installing was surely out of guarantee. As antecedently the gentleman started to shout down the line about how he expected better aftercare than he had received. I asked the gentleman to quiet down and advised that he would non obtain any declaration whilst shouting at my staff and being opprobrious. We had no duty to this client and it would hold been really easy given his mode to inquire him to travel elsewhere and decline to function him. However, I do non like clients go forthing us with a feeling of ailment will so I advised the client that there was no care contract in topographic point and if he would take out a c are contract with us I would direct an applied scientist to finish the care and expression at the mistake at the same clip which would intend no charge for the mistake. The client was happy with this result and agreed to take out the care contract, he so asked to be put back through to the client service miss and apologised for the mode in which he spoke to her. This was a state of affairs where my response to the job could hold made the state of affairs worse but by exerting a small ego control we obtained a little but long term client. I feel that this is the country in which I need to develop the most as I sometimes find it difficult to show myself with understanding and sympathy. this is chiefly with employees instead than clients and clients. Further HR consciousness would be good. Developing Others We believe in developing our staff to help them in their calling development. We take on staff as learners and develop them throughout their employment at Grantfen. For illustration, as my personal calling and preparation advancements their can non be a whole in the company, person has to be trained to finish the occupation I am presently assigned to. With this in head along with the managers we have chosen the individual to develop into my function and she spends clip alongside me larning the function and placing countries in which preparation is required. We have invested clip, attempt and money in this individual and have put her through legion NVQ ‘s. I believe that puting in people and their development helps the company from a accomplishments position but besides provides the employee with a sense of trueness towards the company Whilst at present the idea of taking over my function is rather dashing to her I am confident that one time all preparation is complete she will be a really capable director. I am sometimes uncomfortable giving employees assessments and happen myself singling out the employees that I feel are more committed to the company and will bring forth long term benefit through preparation. Energy and Passion I love the company I work for and am invariably endeavoring to guarantee that our service section is amongst the best in the state. I believe that one individuals energy and passion to work can be infective and if you have the right squad of people they can feed off of each other ‘s energy. With this in head I set myself a end for the current fiscal twelvemonth that we increase the turnover for the service section by & A ; Acirc ; & A ; lb ; 200K. This was a new country for me as my function has non been specifically gross revenues oriented in the yesteryear. If this end is reached this means the service section will necessitate another applied scientist and client service decision maker. I have communicated this end to our squad and everyone is on board and motivated to win, everyone has expressed a privation to be involved in a underdeveloped section as this creates new calling chances for everyone within the section. As we are still within the fiscal twelvemonth I can non st ate whether we have succeeded but I will province that we are decidedly on mark. Again I do non believe I require development in this country as a am really self motivated and believe in the abilities and end of the company I am employed by. I include below a soul-searching that identifies the countries in which I find myself strong and the countries which will necessitate farther attending every bit good as chances and menaces that this function will supply me with. Self Analysis Strengths Failings Opportunities Menaces Good at Working Alone or in a Team Can Become Obsessive Over Certain Tasks Wider Career Prospects Male Dominated Environment Flexible Lack of Personal Assurance New Challenges Less Experience of Business Management Excellent Communication Skills Can React Emotionally to Work Related Issues Fewer Restraints Current Staffing Requires Re-assignment Well Thought of by Stakeholders Impatient / Want Resolutions Quickly More Autonomy Multitude of Every Day Demands Passionate About the Job / Company / Goals To Learn From Others in Similar Roles Ambitious Loyal Thorough3 – Professional Knowledge DevelopmentI have been working in the Fire and Security industry for 10 old ages and have obtained an highly good working cognition of the industry including a on the job proficient cognition. Over my ten old ages I have been in legion occupation functions and have complete undertakings that did non needfully fall within my occupation function. I feel confident that I can finish most undertakings within the concern which makes me a good campaigner for the function I wish to obtain. But even with this in head I feel that I would necessitate more experience in certain countries before I felt comfy taking a General Manager function. I am on my manner to finishing a grade in Business Management and so will see whether if it would be good to go on on to obtaining an MBA. I feel that I need to obtain farther apprehension in the fiscal field and whilst I have completed the AAT Levels 2 and 3 in Accounting I would profit further from a more in depth cognition of direction accounting. I besides identified a demand for farther Human Resource preparation to enable me to cover with staff efficaciously and reasonably.4 – Professional Development PlanTo accomplish the right degree of competences and makings for the function of General Manager I have completed an action program detailing what activities I will necessitate to set about to turn to all spreads that have been identifiedAreas for DevelopmentHow Area was IdentifiedAction to be TakenTarget DatesShort Term Goals 1. To better proficient cognition Feedback from equal observation. To pass clip with applied scientists on site mistake happening July 2013 2. To go more empathetic with employees Through treatment with co-workers. Complete more staff assessments December 2013 3. To larn how to drive and actuate all squad members Through observation of managers. Through farther HR preparation December 2013 4. To derive assurance in personal accomplishments and abilities Through contemplation in my completion of PDP Through assessments and ongoing pattern of accomplishments and abilities December 2013 Long Term Goals 5. To accomplish a BA ( Hons ) in Business Management After treatments with Directors of sequence within the company To transport on in the completion of class at MMU July 2014 6. To obtain farther apprehension of direction accounting Following completion of AAT degrees 2 and 3 I identified that a farther apprehension of direction histories would be good To take finance as an option in my concluding twelvemonth December 2014 7. To set about farther Human Resources preparation We presently have a HR adviser and following treatments with him i believe farther HR preparation would be good To near the HR adviser and place any preparation available to farther enhance cognition December 2014

E-Manufacturing: A Technology Review

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. E Manufacturing a Technology Review Dr. H. K. Shivanand, Nanjundaradhya N. V, Prabhakar Kammar, Divya shree S, Keshavamurthy YC. Abstract: With a rapid change in technology especially in the manufacturing sector, customers are demanding more value, less risk, and better integration of products, hence there is a need to change the manufacturing strategies, which can result in improved performance thereby meeting the customer demands. This paper critically reviews a new area to overcome the above problem called â€Å"E – Manufacturing† which can integrate customers, products and suppliers with the help of Internet Technology. The concept of E – Manufacturing, its development, tools and potential benefits are discussed along with application examples on Automobiles. Areas like E – Maintenance, E – Diagnostics, E – Business related to E – Manufacturing is also discussed. By adopting such a manufacturing technique zero downtime, reduced product error, customer satisfaction, quick manufacturing changes can be accomplished. In addition the concept of E-Manufacturing applied to the manufacture of gears is also discussed there by providing better understanding of this process. like ERP, MES, SCADA, and even newer acronyms like Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) are communicating with each other, and sharing data through internet connections. II. EVOLUTION OF E MANUFACTURING For decades, the dominant manufacturing model was based on principles of mass production [2]. Standardized parts and processes made economies of scale achievable, but limited design flexibility and customization. The outsourcing and lean manufacturing movements of the 1980s and 1990s drove the emergence of a new paradigm, termed the Quality Management era. Manufacturing companies, particularly large Original Equipment Manufacturers’ (OEM) outsourcing shifts critical elements of the design and production process onto a manufacturer’s supply chain. The lean manufacturing movement places a premium on time and inventory reduction. Combining the attributes of the Quality era suggests a very different business model for manufacturing – enterprise integration or E-Manufacturing. In the E-Manufacturing era, companies will be able to exchange information of all types with their suppliers at the speed of light. III. E MANUFACTURING E-Manufacturing can be most cogently and generally described as the application of the Internet to Manufacturing [3], further E-Manufacturing is becoming popular with the increased use of the internet. Due the widespread availability of the Internet; large-scale distributed projects in manufacturing are becoming popular. It is the methodology and framework for collaborative Virtual Manufacturing. The ability to exchange information and automate manufacturing processes forms the building blocks of the virtual manufacturing companies of the near future. It covers all aspects of manufacturing – sales, marketing, customer service, new product development, procurement, supplier relationships and logistics manufacturing strategy development and so on. As a result, it is now so much easier to allow certain people gain access to certain sections of the system, according to whatever criteria they like; maintenance people need certain parts of the data, but not others; operators would be able to access a limited number of devices; managers would be allowed to monitor, but not change anything, etc. New technologies such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML) are now making it easier to share data between different application programs, and to set up computers to take actions based on criteria †¹ for instance, to order supplies when inventories reach a critical low point. The E-Manufacturing WCE 2008 Index Terms— E – Manufacturing, E – Maintenance, E – Diagnostics, Automobile, Gears. I. INTRODUCTION F manufacturing companies what matters more is that how efficiently their company can compete globally with others as an organization followed by meeting the day to day requirements of the customer and exchange of hassle free information while not focusing only on sales of the company [1]. Today’s customers provide top priority for money, better quality and less risk. In order to cater to the needs of the customer, manufacturing companies have adopted a new technique called E Manufacturing. It is concerned with the use of the Internet and E-Business technologies in manufacturing industries wherein a network can be established between the customer, the manufacturer and the product. The internet offers a frictionless path for exchange of information. The concepts of E-Maintenance, E-Business, E Diagnostics and ECare have led to the formation of an E-Factory which can produce quality products at remarkable speeds. In short, the customer is just a click away from a business deal. Within manufacturing concerns, the various enterprise-wide systems OR today’s Manuscript received October 11, 2007. H. K. Shivanand is with the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering , Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA 560001 phone: 918022961887 e-mail: Shivanand. [email  protected] gmail. com Prabhakar Kammar, is working at MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore Nanjundaradhya N. V is working at RV College of Engineering, Bangalore Divya shree S is working at BEL, Bangalore. Keshavamurthy YC, ME (Manufacturing Sc &Engg), UVCE, Bangalore. ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. technique also affects products as well since it is possible to use Internet technologies to add new product functions and to provide new services. The Internet is being used even at the shop floor level. For instance, computer numerical control devices (CNC’s) can be connected via intranets or the Internet to ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), production planning, or maintenance systems. As such, the E-Manufacturing project aims to develop an appropriate framework for a common platform to enable distributed planning and control in manufacturing for quicker, easier, secure and cost-effective collaborations. The developed system will allow dispersed engineering team members to work together productively, as if they were under one roof. This transformation of the enterprise coincides with the increasing content of information contained in products and processes. This new production enterprise is information-rich. The major functions and objectives of e-manufacturing are: (a) provide a transparent, seamless and automated information exchange process to enable an only handle information once (OHIO) environment; (b) improve the utilization of plant floor assets using a holistic approach combining the tools of predictive maintenance techniques; (c) links entire SCM operation and asset optimization; and (d) deliver customer services utilizing the latest predictive intelligence methods and Tether-free technologies [4] Fig 2: Before Implementing E Manufacturing Fig 3: After Implementing E Manufacturing IV. E MANUFACTURING TOOLS Implementation of the E-Manufacturing tools results in cost saving, regardless of the company size. E-Manufacturing tools enable connectivity among the various modules of the manufacturing process. Areas where the E-Manufacturing tools need to be developed are listed below [5 – 9]. Data and information transformation tool: The large amounts of raw data collected during a manufacturing process are rendered useless, unless the data is gathered and transformed into some useful information which may be used to monitor a system. To understand this better a simple example is taken below. Consider a CNC machine hooked to the Internet as shown in Figure 4. It shows the way data and information are transformed from the machine to the internet. Here the idea is to monitor the health of the tool [life of the tool] fixed in the CNC machine. This technique can also be used to calibrate a machine from the Internet. Fig 1 Evolution of E Manufacturing (Source NACFAM) The contrast between the traditional system and the system with E-Manufacturing is indicated below [3] ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. Fig 4: Tool Monitoring in a CNC Machine Using Internet. Prediction Tools: Apart from data being gathered, certain tools need to be developed, which can predict or detect the degradation of various parts of the machine, performance loss and trend of failure. Developing a tool which monitors these aspects could set the trend for an advanced diagnostic system. Optimization Tools: As far as E-Manufacturing is concerned data can be accessed from any part of the globe at any time. Hence certain tools need to be developed which can optimize the data and provide easy to read results. For example, these tools should be able to provide the performance of a drill bit for various drilling operation verses time, temperature, tool tip failure with various materials etc. Synchronization Tools: This is an important tool in the E-Manufacturing environment, which can associate various groups such as customer’s suppliers and manufacturers, where first hand information needs to be sent to these groups during emergencies, for example – if tool needs a replacement or tool has worn out then the information is sent from first the manufacturer to the supplier and tool maker where the tool can be assessed for performance. The new connectivity and communications tools will boost productivity, profits, speed to market, and flexibility for those manufactures who are willing to upgrade. Some of the common E-manufacturing tools are SMS, E Mail, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Fax and Infrared Connectivity. V. E MAINTENANCE Progressive plant executives, maintenance managers, and work planners have always wanted to have information about the condition of equipment assets at their fingertips when they need it. Unfortunately, it typically is scattered among separate information systems. It is difficult to view, compile and synchronize the different information types on the same computer terminal. If one wants to maximize business continuity by increasing device up-time and minimize the time, costs and headaches associated with device administration he must adopt the E-Maintenance strategy. It is a network that integrates and synchronizes the various maintenance and reliability applications to gather and deliver asset information where it is needed, when it is needed. Interconnectivity of the islands of maintenance and reliability information is embodied in E-Maintenance. The EMaintenance network can be developed from a collection of information islands by using a single proprietary system, a custom bridge, or by using an open systems bridge. EMaintenance also removes the need for manual meter readings that is your device administration is virtually reduced to nil. It is estimated that 15- 40% of indirect costs of manufacturing is maintenance related. About 50% are unnecessary corrective maintenance, which costs 10-15 times more than predictive maintenance. Furthermore, 25% of maintenance is preventive, which is 3-5 times more expensive then predictive. An effective E-Manufacturing strategy uses predictive maintenance techniques to forecast equipment wear and predict failure. Apart from this, it also alerts MRO managers to unexpected problems. This allows managers to proactively correct problems, thus maximizing the use of machinery and personnel while minimizing preventive maintenance expenses. Predicting the reliability of plant-floor equipment can be the difference between a few minutes of preventive maintenance and hours or days of downtime for corrective maintenance. Ultimately, predictive maintenance, computerized maintenance management systems or CMMS, and effective utilization of maintenance specialists make E Manufacturing work. VI. E DIAGNOSTICS E-Diagnostics is the reactive and proactive remote diagnosis, maintenance and repair of equipment by service personnel. EDiagnostics offers many businesses the promise of better equipment reliability and performance at a much lower cost. It is the hardened, reliable acquisition of time-stamped, highspeed information from the tool registers and ancillary data points, database retention and management, parsing and analysis. A complete E-Diagnostics solution would include the following: (a) Remote capture, transmission, analysis and dissemination of equipment performance data. (b) Remote takeover of equipment to manipulate equipment settings during and after repair. (c) A trigger for replenishing spare parts. (d) Faster and more effective response to field service engineering requests, bringing the experts remotely to the problem. (e) Reduced equipment and process variation, through better visibility and response to differences in equipment performance among machines. ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. (f) Preventive response to pending equipment failures through the use of advanced process control (real-time multivariate statistical analysis). (g) Enhanced next-generation tool development through improved awareness of deficiencies in current equipment designs. Traditional E-Diagnostics systems monitor tool performance and provide â€Å"maintenance needed† alerts to service and engineering personnel. Much more can be derived from the rich sensor data generated as wafers pass through process chambers. This step in E-Diagnostics is to employ proven enterprise data mining (EDM) techniques to correlate device yield and performance with the vast amount of tool-level and wafer-level chamber sensor data. With this new approach, yield and process-level issues can be uncovered down to a particular sensor reading on a specific tool process chamber. Once a specific tool issue can be identified to have an impact on process results, specific E-Diagnostics monitors can be targeted to prevent future yield and process excursions, completing a closed loop process learning effort. The steps to be followed to implement the E Diagnostics strategy in an industry are as shown below. maintenance programme. Computerized maintenance management systems optimize the deployment of all maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) resources, such as people, spare parts, tools and facilities, and allow the creation of a planned maintenance programme for all assets. EProcurement allows the replacement of stock with information and offers direct access to spares at lowest cost. For the successful application of E-Manufacturing there must exist a partnership between the supplier and the customer. The goal is to deploy best practices in e-business processes as quickly and effectively as possible while ensuring a quantifiable return on investment (ROI). The benefits of adopting E business strategy are; (a) Quick installation of software updates with no need for expensive integration projects. (b) One enterprise wide view of the customer, product or process. (c) Global deployment from one instance of the software, making all applications accessible globally via a standard Web browser. (d) Simplified systems and maintenance for IT staff due to the one-vendor approach. e) Streamlined business processes. (f) Better decision-making and business intelligence because of the single-database architecture and preintegrated applications and rapid deployment at lower cost. VIII. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND GEARS Every automobile industry has an umpteen number of divisions, each division manufacturing a particular system of the automobile- like the steering system, brake system, engine, suspens ion, chassis and body, interiors, safety division, quality control division, etc. With so many departments working towards the creation of the same end product, a lot of time and money is spent in redesigning and related cases which may arise due to inefficient data transfer or delayed transfer of important information between the departments. Such a problem can be sorted out by implementing the EManufacturing strategy into the industry. The internet can be used to share data and information between various departments and between manufacturers worldwide. Data sharing can be extensively used between the head office and the various branches and service centers of a company which may be located at different locations around the globe. For example, if a component is found defective in one of the branches the information is relayed immediately to the other branches warning them to arrest the production of that component immediately. As a result of this, huge amounts of time, material and money are saved. The internet is a means of communication between production engineers, the manufacturing engineers, and the design engineers. Adopting this new technique can reduce the complexity of the part, without jeopardizing performance. Using CAE tools in the design process may have a profound impact on savings. In many cases, the virtual prototype is a much more accurate representation of what we designed than the physical Fig 5: E Diagnostics VII. E BUSINESS In today’s world it’s the â€Å"Time Factor† that can make or break an industry. Gone are the days of buying different applications from a host of technology vendors and spending countless months and dollars integrating them. Increasingly, the customers are demanding more customized products, faster delivery schedules, and instant access to order status. Results have to be assessed in financial terms, with return on net assets or return on capital employed, the key measure. EBusiness promises a solution to this customer demanding market. Automated scheduling provides a better method of managing production orders and increases the visibility of current and future scheduling activities. Tracking involves the collection, analysis, viewing and reporting of production data. To get the best productivity from the assets deployed, three main areas need to be addressed: Condition based maintenance; computerized maintenance management; EProcurement. Condition-based maintenance predicts the deterioration of assets that allows the planning of maintenance actions more effectively and monitors the effectiveness of the ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. prototype. Apart from adopting this strategy in the production line it can also be used in the maintenance program of an automobile. For example, if you only repair your car when it breaks down, you face costly corrective maintenance. A preventive maintenance schedule, based on the manufacturer's recommendations, may prevent breakdowns. Preventive maintenance is possible using E-Diagnostics. When a car is taken in for servicing, it is hooked onto the diagnostic computer which indicates existing problems. Moreover the service centers are constantly hooked up to the internet and are updated on availability of spares, latest trends in servicing and solutions to commonly occurring problems. All this information is made available from their counterparts from around the world. To add to this the entire service history of the vehicle is uploaded to the net so that it is made available to all of the company’s service centers around the globe which will help identify the status of the vehicle wherever and whenever one wants to service it. Gears form an important component in most machines as well as in automobiles. Today’s Customers demand a multitude of gears in a short span of time, without any compromise on quality. The solution to this challenge is E Manufacturing. One can hook up the gear manufacturing machine to the net. It offers fully integrated production control software for estimating, order and job control, job travelers, scheduling, data collection, inventory control, purchasing, work center loading and cost accounting. Various design parameters can be entered by the customer and modifications may also be made until the last minute. Once the system is in place economic and efficient manufacture of gears is imminent. 1. Synchronize Production Processes with Business Processes. . Orchestrate Upstream Flows of Work, Information, and Material. 3. Automate Business Processes & Workflows within the Enterprise 4. Give Control to Managers with Plant Information & Analysis Tools. 5. Integrate the Design Process among All Collaborating Parties. 6. Leverage Bi-directional Down-stream Information. 7. Enable Collaborative Maintenance and Manufacturing Support. X. CONCLUSION This paper discussed cer tain key areas and subsets of the E-Manufacturing strategy which when implemented will yield priceless benefits to an industry that implements it. Further the concept of an E-Factory promises greater increase in productivity and performance, while at the same time decreases production costs. However, for E-Manufacturing to be a success, co-operation between various public and private sector organizations is mandatory. This new thinking paradigm to integrate web-enabled and predictive intelligence for manufacturing systems is becoming a new benchmark strategy for manufacturing companies to compete in the twenty-first century. REFERENCES [1] [2] White paper â€Å"Making sense of E-Manufacturing: A Road map for manufacturers Industry† Rockwell Automation. Exploiting E Manufacturing: Interoperability of Software Systems used by US Manufacturing â€Å" National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing, 2001, pp 1-13 Manufacturing Engineering Handbook – by Hwaiyu Geng, McGraw Hill Professional 1 edition, March 1, 2004, Koc M, Ni J, Lee J. Introduction of e-manufacturing. Proceeding of the International Conference on Frontiers on Design and Manufacturing, Dalian, China, July 2002. E – Manufacturing Review – Jay Lee – Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Journal. , May 23 – 2003 Lee J, Ahad A, [email  protected] M. E-manufacturing—its elements and impact. Proceedings of the Annual Institute of Industrial Engineering (IIE) Conference, Advances in Production Session, Dallas, TX, USA, May 21–23, 2001. Lee J, Ni J. Web-enabled e-manufacturing. Proceeding of Sixth International Manufacturing Technology in Hong Kong, December 2001 Lee J, Ni J. E-manufacturing and e-business integration: a case study. Proceeding of the International Manufacturing Leaders Forum (IMLF), Adelaide, Australia, February 8–10, 2002. Lee J, Ni J. Infotronics agent for tether-free prognostics. Proceeding of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Refinement and Revision for Decision Making: Modeling for Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Prediction, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, March 25–27, 2002. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Figure 6 Application of E Manufacturing to Automobile Industry [8] [9] IX. BENEFITS OF E-MANUFACTURING E-Manufacturing is a fundamental change in the strategic value proposition for manufacturers. Its collection of systems, processes, and technologies that support and enable manufacturers to compete in collaboration with others has seven fundamental jobs: ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008